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consumer behaviour - 1622 Words

1. Comment / Explain / Answer the following a) Compare and contrast Howard and Sheith model and Nicosa model These different decision making models are approaches the problem of consumer decision making differently. The Engel-Kollat-Blackwell model is essentially a conscious problem solving and learning model of consumer behaviour. This model has a good description of active information seeking and evaluation processes of consumer. The information processed in this model is the stimulus. The consumer ¡Ã‚ ¦s decision processes act upon this stimulus in order to determine a response to it. These models attempt to explain each stage and show interrelated between the stages of consumer buyer behaviour from the stimulus, through the purchase to†¦show more content†¦Culture consists of the unwritten rules of the social game. It is the collective programming of the mind that distinguishing the members of a group or category of people from others. Parts of Culture Culture: norms, roles, beliefs, values, customs, rituals, artifacts Culture classifies things into discontinuous units of value in society Codes classified units, develops behaviors, specifies priorities, legitimizes and justifies the classifications Consumer socialization - the process by which people develop their values, motivations, and habitual activity Culture creates meanings for everyday products We study how the use and/or collections of products and their meanings move through a society Nature of Culture—Components Norms: rules that designate forms of acceptable and unacceptable behavior Customs: behaviors that lasted over time and passed down in the family setting Mores: moral standards of behavior Conventions: practices tied to the conduct of everyday life in various settings Ethnocentrism: the tendency to view one’s own culture as better or superior to others Key Points about Culture It is learned: transmitted from generation to generation It rewards acceptable behaviors It stays the same, yet can change Family, Religion, School and Peers: what is the relative influence of each? Values Transfusion Model shows how these combine Will any become more, lessShow MoreRelatedConsumer Behaviour Models and Consumer Behaviour in Tourism8170 Words   |  33 PagesConsumer Behavior Models in Tourism Analysis Study Muhannad M.A Abdallat, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Hesham El –Sayed El - Emam, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Tourism and Hospitality, Faculty of Tourism and Archeology King Saud University ABSTRACT The theories of consumer decision-making process assume that the consumer’s purchase decision process consists of steps through which the buyer passes in purchasing a product or service. However, this might not be the case. Not every consumerRead MoreQuestions On Consumer Behaviour And Consumer Behavior1536 Words   |  7 Pages SUBMISSION TITLE: Consumer Behaviour PRODUCT: Two Wheeler INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT LUCKNOW Over the years there has been a shift in the consumer buying behaviour of two wheelers. While cost, fuel efficiency and comfort have been primary influencers throughout, factors such as aesthetics, brand recognition have gained importance in the recent years. Following are the key consumer factors that have witnessed a change over the years: Change in Consumer Behaviour with Affordability DuringRead MoreQuestions On Consumer Behaviour And Consumer Behavior2064 Words   |  9 Pages1. Introduction 1.1 Why do marketers need to understand consumer behaviour? Marketers need to understand consumer behaviour in order to know what the consumer wants from a product. This is because different types of people will want different things from the products they buy; for example, an older, married couple will have different needs and wants to a young couple. Marketers also need to understand the behaviour of consumers to design and construct the best marketing approach to capture the chosenRead MoreConsumer Behaviour and Perception Essay2228 Words   |  9 Pages2.0 CONTENTS CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR AND PERCEPTION 2.1 WHAT IS CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR? It is necessary to understand consumer behaviour; this is based on the activities leading to the acquisition and use of goods or services, including decision-making processes that determine a purchase. In this process the consumer performs actions such as search, purchase, use and evaluation of products expected to be used to meet their needs (Solomon Michael, 2007). The activities, processes and social relationsRead MoreThe Characteristics That Affect Consumer Behaviour2028 Words   |  9 PagesAFFECT CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: 2 THE TYPES OF CONSUMER BUYING DECISIONS: 3 The Components of the Decision-Making Process 4 Conclusion 5 Marketing Recommendations 6 â€Æ' â€Æ' INTRODUCTION According to Assael (2004, p.2), â€Å"Consumer behaviour determines a firm’s profitability†. Marketers have come to realize that their effectiveness in meeting consumer needs indirectly influences their profitability. Assael(2004, p.2). So it’s compulsory for every marketer to understand the consumer behaviourRead MoreEssay on Women and Consumer Behaviour3327 Words   |  14 PagesWomen and Consumer Behaviour INTRODUCTION Consumer behaviour can be defined as â€Å"the acts of individuals directly involved in obtaining and using economic and services, including the decision process that precede and determine these acts.† (Engel et al, 1968, p 5) Buyer behaviour refers to â€Å"the acts of individuals directly involved in the exchange of money for economic goods and services and the decision process that determined these act. â€Å"(Engel et al, 1968, p 5). Both consumer and buyerRead MoreHow Technology Affects Consumer Behaviour?14761 Words   |  60 Pages1822-6515ISSN 1822-6515 EKONOMIKA IR VADYBA: 2009. 14ECONOMICS amp; MANAGEMENT: 2009. 14 IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Elina Gaile-Sarkane Riga T echnical University, Latvia, elina.gaile-sarkane@rtu.lv Abstract Fast development of equipment and technologies, economic globalization and many other external circumstances stimulate the changes in consumer behavior. Usually consumer behavior has drawn upon theories developed in related fields of study of human behavior such as psychology, sociologyRead MoreAnalysis of Consumer Behaviour Online2697 Words   |  11 PagesThis report will outline the most relevant behavioural characteristics of online consumers and examine the ways they find, compare and evaluate product information. Comparison of the newly collected survey data with the existing consumer behaviour theory resulted in detection of a number of issues related to a specific consumer group. The purpose of this report is to translate these findings into a set of implementation activities on strategic and technological level. Execution of these recommendationsRead MoreConsumer Behavior And Consumer Behaviour715 Words   |  3 Pages Consumer Behavior Consumer behavior is the study of consumers and the influences they go through to make particular purchasing decisions of products or services available in a market. As a discipline, consumer behavior delves into the dynamics of consumer rationale by evaluating their mindsets on certain items. Therefore, it combines aspects of economics, psychology, marketing and sociology in an attempt to derive a deeper understanding of the behavior of consumers. Moreover, it does not just evaluateRead MoreTheory of Consumer Behaviour988 Words   |  4 PagesTheory of Consumer Behaviour There are two main approaches to the theory of consumer behaviour to demand in Economics. The first approach is the Marginal Utility or Cardinalist Approach. The second is the Ordinalist Approach. 1. CARDINAL UTILITY ANALYSIS Human wants are unlimited and they are of different intensity. The means at the disposal of a man are not only scarce but they have alternative uses. As a result of scarcity of resources, the consumer cannot satisfy all his wants. He has

National Organization for Women free essay sample

The National Organization for women (NOW) was founded in 1966 to help and encourage women to participate in exercising their rights as human beings. Today it is the largest feminist organization in the world. Women in America today share most of the same rights and privileges as men, but it wasn’t always that way. Women were discriminated against and have fought hard with the help of organizations such as NOW, to gain respect and rights as equal citizens of this country. The photograph on the bottom of the poster was taken from www. NOW. org and features the original founders of the organization. Founders wrote a Statement of Purpose, which according to the organizations website, describes the purpose as â€Å"To take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men. † The U. S. government does not fund the organization, nor is it affiliated with any particular political party. We will write a custom essay sample on National Organization for Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The organization is divided into state chapters and memberships are offered to provide local, state and national alerts on legal, political, social and economic issues related to eliminating sexism in our country. Members participate in marches, rallies, and demonstrations to non-violently protest discrimination against women. Also featured on the poster is a quote from the Declaration of Sediments reading, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal. † The sediments were written during the first women’s rights convention in 1848, which started a movement towards equal rights for women.

Is the Merchant of Venice anti-Christian or anti-Semitic Essay Example

Is the Merchant of Venice anti-Christian or anti-Semitic Paper The Merchant of Venice written by Shakespeare is a powerfully expressed play of love and hate, loyalty and prejudice, justice and mercy interwoven intricately, but delicately, while reflecting the most complex human beings and their affairs surrounding them. However, before consulting the play, we should consider the time and background in which it was written and performed, for the viewpoints of the characters in The Merchant of Venice are highly influenced by the aspect of the time it had been written, the Elizabethan era. After the Diaspora (the dispersion of the Jews), the Jews in foreign lands resolutely kept up their customs and religion. They formed right-knit communities and became known for their intelligence, hard work and capability for business. Unfortunately, these gifted qualities sometimes led to their being mistrusted and resented. This was especially the case in Christian countries, where anti-Semitism feeling was very strong. During the Elizabethan era, for instance, condemning the Jews without any justifiable reason was acceptable and no questions were asked against that fact. The only reason for the mere action of cruelty was that the Jews were not Christians. However, what right did the Christians have in reproaching the Jews? Were the Jews as bad and damned as the Christians thought them to be? As a matter of course, some of the Jews were at least in some aspects. Shylock, the most important of the three Jews in The Merchant of Venice, definitely has some villainous nature in him even though his character seems rather ambiguous. First of all, Shylock is a mean miser who knows nothing but money. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Merchant of Venice anti-Christian or anti-Semitic specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Merchant of Venice anti-Christian or anti-Semitic specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Merchant of Venice anti-Christian or anti-Semitic specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In fact, Shylock seems to care more for his money than for his runaway daughter, I would my daughter were dead at my foot, and the jewels in her ear: would she were hearsed at my foot, and the ducats in her coffin. The way Shylock makes his precious money is by lending money to people by taking the interest, or well won thrift as he calls it. This might mean nothing to us nowadays, but for the gentlemen in Venice it was somewhat an insult, for taking interest meant that Shylock did not trust the word of a gentleman and therefore their integrity and honour. However, Shylocks obsession towards his money and profit is nevertheless understandable. Shylock is a foreigner in his own city. He may have lived all his life in Venice, yet he is treated as an alien just because he has different religious beliefs. Like his fellow Jews, therefore, he tries to rise above such prejudice and seeks security and success in money-lending business. Consequently, money means more than anything does to Shylock, it means his social statues and life for him. All Shylock wants is to be equal, and to be understood as an equal human being. I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affection, passions? Fed with the same food, huirt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? In addition, Shylock is not entirely apathetic in the matter of love. When his friend Tubal informs him with the news of his lost ring he cries, Thou torturest me, Tubal: it was my turquoise, I had it of Leah when I was a bachelor. This shows that Shylock at least loved him wife, if nobody else. Antonio and the Christians will not allow themselves to lend money for profit, but to support their extravagant lifestyle they still need money loan from the Jews they persecute. Shylock has been waiting to strike back at Antonio, one of Venices principal anti-Semites, and sees his chance when the merchant is compelled to come to him for credit. Shylock fools Antonio into making a contract with a terrifying forfeiture, a pound of mans flesh, taken from a man. It becomes clear from the beginning what Shylocks intention is when he says, Ill plague him, Ill torture him. I am glad of it. When Antonio fails to pay the bond, Shylock refers obsessively and repeatedly to his bond and demands a pound of Antonios flesh, taken from the closest place to his heart. Ill have my bond; I will not hear thee speak; Ill have my bond, and therefore speak no more. Shylock is a fiend armed with scales and knife and his bloodthirsty campaign against Antonio is morally indefensible. Then again, we should also consider the situation Shylock is living in. He is not treated fairly and equally as a person but a dog, You have rated me about my monies and my usances you call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog, and spit upon my Jewish gaberdine, and all for use of that which is mine own. Throughout the whole play, Shylock suffers constant verbal abuse such as evil soul, devil, dog Jew, inhuman wretch, damned, inexecrable dog etc. When seen from another perspective, Shylock can be viewed as a godly, clean-living family man who merely wished to do his business unimpeded. He is only a man driven into revenge by mindless, unreasonable persecution and theft of his only child. He is a misguided soul who tried to get even within the law of those who hate him, only to be cruelly tricked a humiliated yet again. Jessica, Shylocks daughter is another main Jew in The Merchant of Venice. She is not a filial daughter, for she elopes with a Christian, Lorenzo, betraying her father, his faith and his religion. To make the matter worse for Shylock, Jessica also takes a considerable amount of his dear fortune and jewels. In any historical and moral case, a daughter betraying her father is unacceptable. However, was the elopement entirely Jessicas fault? It is true that Jessica took some part in the elopement and stealing her fathers money. However, she was persuaded by Lorenzo and his love for her. In a way, Jessica is a victim of Lorenzos deception. It could be seen that Lorenzo eloped with Jessica, knowing well that she would bring considerable sum of her fathers money. Not very surprisingly, when the money is used up, Lorenzos love for Jessica seems to be drying up at the same time. Yet, Lorenzos behaviour towards Jessica changes once more when he hears the news of Shylock agreeing give his money to daughter. How do the Christians differ from the Jews they persecute? Are they so much superior that they have the right to condemn another human being? The fact that the Christians think they differ greatly from the Jews is evident from the phrase, thou shalt see the difference of your spirit. Externally, Christians are gentle, amiable and honourable people who know the difference between right and wrong. They value each others honour immensely that they can even afford to lend money without any interest. They believe in nothing but rightful justice, all the while being merciful at the same time. However, could it be true that the gentlemen exterior is just a mask with its title of honour? It is definitely possible; at least in the way Shakespeare saw it. Bassanio, a Christian, uses his close friend, Antonio, for money. What is worse, Bassanio takes advantage of Antonios love, which is evident from his words, And if it stand as you yourself still do within the eye of honour, be assured my purse, my person, my extremest means lie all unlocked to your occasions, and does not pay the money back after squandering more and more of it. Ultimately, Bassanio gets Antonio into trouble with his enemy Shylock, yet again because of the money. Another good thing about Christians are that they are lovers when the Jews are said to be as unfeeling as stones. However, instead of marrying for their love, the Christian men seem to be marrying for the money and the position. For instance, when Bassanio describes Portia to Antonio the first thing he says about her is the amount of her money, in Belmont is a lady richly left, and she is fair This simple order of sentence implies that the prior reason Bassanio is going to marry Portia is not love, but her money and that the first thing he sees in love is also money. In fact, he commoditised her as a thing rather than a person by saying, and many Jasons come in quest of her. By modern social context, marrying someone for his or her money is not only deceiving, but unacceptable. On top of all deceiving, the Christians are deceitful and hypocritical. Portia, who is supposed to be fair and perfect, is about the most deceitful and hypocritical person throughout the whole play. She shows her true personality when she talks with Nerissa, it is a good divine that follows his own instructions; I can easier teach twenty what were good to be done, than be one of the twenty to follow mine own teaching. Her hypocrisy is shown once again in the court when she repeatedly gives Shylock so many chances to back down, so adding to the humiliation she clearly wishes to inflict on him in her hour of victory, The quality of mercy is not strained it blesseth him that gives, and him that takes it is an attribute to God himself, and earthly power doth then show likes Gods when mercy seasons justice. However, when Shylock is defeated, he is shown little of the mercy, which before was so earnestly recommended to him by Portia. Half his wealth is confiscated and -far worse- he must lose his faith and convert to Christianity. In any case, the most appalling and nasty aspect of the Christians is that they are extremely prejudiced. They have such high opinion of themselves and such low opinion of Jews that they think they are the only chosen ones for heaven after death, the sins of the father are to be laid upon the children therefore be ogood cheer, for truly I think you are damned. They condemn the Jews for what they are and no matter what the Jews do, nothing will change the Christians perceptions. Jessica, who is married to Lorenzo, and therefore a Christian is still referred to as yond stranger and infidel. The Merchant of Venice seems to contain both good and bad aspects of both the Christians and the Jews. Whether it is anti-Christian or anti-Semitic, one cannot decide, but it is true that Shakespeare had a deep understanding about the suffering and the behaviours, which resulted from racial prejudice. Shakespeare tried to write the story of mere human beings of different races, showing their lives and the way they dealt with them. He may have also wanted to say, What is real justice? How can you draw a line between the justice and injustice and classify them? How can you even divide people into being justifiable or not? He may have also wanted to tell people that appearance is not what you can be dependant on. That it may be something that you did not even dream of and maybe that it may have so much more to it than what you judged it to contain. Just like the Jews who were obsessed with money externally, but who started collecting money because they wanted to be accepted. Just like the Christians who looked like gentlemen externally, but who were nothing better than another race they despised.